वॉलेस एकर्ट

संदर्भ (References):
Grosch, Herbert R.J., Computer: Bit Slices from a Life, Third Millenium Books, Novato, CA (1991).
Brennan, Jean Ford, The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History, IBM, Armonk, NY (1971).
Bashe, Charles J.; Lyle R. Johnson; John H. Palmer; Emerson W. Pugh, IBM’s Early Computers, MIT Press (1985).
Pugh, Emerson W., Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and its Technology, The MIT Press (1995).
Just a Beginning: Computers and Celestial Mechanics in the Work of Wallace J. Eckert, Allan Olley का पीएच.डी. शोधप्रबंध, 31 अगस्त 2011.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin, “Punched-Card Machinery”, in Aspray, William, Computing Before Computers, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA (1990), p.149.
Ceruzzi, Paul, “Crossing the Digital Divide”, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 19(1) (जनवरी–मार्च 1997). “वैज्ञानिक की बजाय व्यावसायिक उपयोग के बाहर, L.J. Comrie और Wallace Eckert द्वारा प्रयुक्त पंच-कार्ड उपकरणों के समूहों का परीक्षण करता है।”
Gutzwiller, Martin C., “The Numerical Evaluation of Eckert’s Lunar Ephemeris”, Astronomical Journal 84(6) (जून 1979), pp.889–899. (गुट्ज़विलर 1962–1970 में वॉटसन लाइब्रेरी तकनीकी स्टाफ पर थे।)
Gutzwiller, Martin C., and Dieter S. Schmidt, “The Motion of the Moon as Computed by the Method of Hill, Brown, and Eckert”, Astronomical Papers of the American Ephemeris 23(1) (1986).
Gutzwiller, M.C., “Wallace Eckert, Computers, and the Nautical Almanac Office”, in Fiala, Alan D., and Steven J. Dick (eds.), Proceedings, Nautical Almanac Office Sesquicentennial Symposium, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington DC, 3–4 मार्च 1999, pp.147–163.
Dick, Steven, “History of the American Nautical Almanac Office”, The Eckert and Clemence Years, 1940–1958, in Fiala & Dick (eds.), वही सम्मेलन, pp.35–46.
Dick, Steven, Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830–2000, Cambridge University Press (2002), 800 पृष्ठ.
Hollander, Frederick H., “Punched Card Calculating and Printing Methods in the Nautical Almanac Office”, Proceedings, Scientific Computation Forum, IBM, न्यूयॉर्क (1948).
Mixter, George W., “American Almanacs”, NAVIGATION, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 1(3) (सितंबर 1946).
Seidelmann, P.K., P.M. Janiczek, and R.F. Haupt, “The Almanacs – Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow”, NAVIGATION24(4) (शीत 1976–77), pp.303–312.
Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, यूके और यूएस के Nautical Almanac Offices द्वारा संयुक्त रूप से तैयार; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (1961), p.106.
Wallace J. Eckert Papers, 1931–1975 (CBI 9), Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
“A Great American Astronomer”, Sky and Telescope (अक्टूबर 1971), p.207.
“In Memoriam W.J. Eckert”, Celestial Mechanics 6 (1972), pp.2–3.
Polachek, Harry, “The History of the Journal Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation”, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 17(3) (1995).
Grier, David Alan, “The Rise and Fall of the Committee on Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation”, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (अप्रैल–जून 2001).
Transcript of interview of Wallace J. Eckert by Lawrence Saphire, IBM Thomas J. Watson Laboratory at Columbia, 11 व 20 जुलाई 1967. Interview TC-1, IBM Oral History Project on Computer Technology.
Grosch, H.R.J., Review of Eckert, W.J., Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation, Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series, Vol.5, MIT Press (1984), 136 पृष्ठ, Annals of the History of Computing 7(4) (अक्टूबर 1985), pp.365–371. (John McPherson की प्रतिक्रिया तथा संबंधित पूर्व लेख का पुनर्मुद्रण समाहित।)
Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities, G.W. Baehne (ed.), 1935. (Internet Archive: Download/Borrow/Streaming.)

New York Times:
(ये प्रविष्टियाँ जुलाई 2010 में Allan Olley द्वारा रपट की गई थीं।)
Letter to the Editor 2 — No Title; Wallace J. Eckert, NYT (1857–वर्तमान), 26 अक्तूबर 1969; ProQuest… pg. BR48 [Rodgers की Think की समीक्षा पर Eckert का पत्र]
SIGMA XI ADMITS 63 AT COLUMBIA, NYT, 6 मई 1936… p.12 [Eckert Sigma Xi में शामिल]
STATESMEN ASKED TO BE PILOTS, TOO… 13 जून 1942… p.30 [अमेरिकी पायलटों के लिए बेहतर नेविगेशनल प्रशिक्षण के समर्थन में]
CONFERENCE PICKS LEONIA CANDIDATES, 2 फ़रवरी 1948… p.11 [Leonia, NJ स्कूल बोर्ड के लिए चुनाव]
ROBOT BRAIN PLOTS ORBITS OF PLANETS, 12 सितंबर 1949… p.23 [SSEC पर बाह्य ग्रह समस्या की घोषणा]
SCIENTIFIC PUZZLER SOLVED BY ‘BRAIN’, 18 जुलाई 1952… p.17 [द्रव प्रवाह में अशांति से संबंधित दीर्घकालीन समस्या का समाधान]
About New York, 10 दिसंबर 1954… p.29 [NORC पर लेख]
Role of Computers in Astronomy Shown in Planetarium’s Exhibit, 13 सितंबर 1958… p.40 [हैडन प्लानेटेरियम प्रदर्शनी; सोवियत कंप्यूटरों पर Eckert की टिप्पणी]
Soviet’s Scientific Surge Found Cutting U.S. Lead, 20 जुलाई 1959… p.1 [सोवियत वैज्ञानिक संसाधन; Eckert का उद्धरण]
Calculations Pinpoint Position of the Moon Within a Few Feet, 14 अप्रैल 1965… p.2 [Airy पद्धति से चंद्र समस्या का समाधान; “Hollow Moon” उल्लेख]
LUNAR EQUATIONS CALLED IMPRECISE, 24 मई 1968… p.11 [JPL द्वारा Brown-Eckert सिद्धांत में त्रुटियाँ]
I.B.M. Thomas J. Watson Jr., 26 अक्तूबर 1969… p. BR48 [Watson Jr. का पत्र]
Letter to the Editor 3 — No Title H.T. Rowe, 26 अक्तूबर 1969… p. BR48 [दूसरा पत्र]
Think by John Brooks, 5 अक्तूबर 1969… p. BR3 [पुस्तक समीक्षा]
Eckert Memorial Friday, 13 अक्तूबर 1971… p.48 [स्मृति समारोह की सूचना]
Science: Luna 10 is Telling Much About the Moon, 17 अप्रैल 1966… p.213 [रूसी प्रोब से नया चंद्र डेटा; “Hollow Moon” संदर्भ]
BAKHMETEFF JOINS COLUMBIA FACULTY, 17 मई 1931… p.33 [Eckert असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर बने; इसी समय Jan Schilt की नियुक्ति]

Computing Publications:
Eckert, W.J., “Numerical Integration with the Aid of Hollerith Machines”, Publications of the American Astronomical Society 8(1), p.9 (1934).
Eckert, W.J., “Miscellaneous Research Applications: Astronomy”, in Baehne, G.W. (ed.), Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities, Columbia University Press (1935).
Eckert, W.J., “The Computation of Special Perturbations by the Punched Card Method”, The Astronomical Journal44(20), Albany, NY (24 अक्तूबर 1935).
Eckert, W.J., “The Astronomical Hollerith-Computing Bureau”, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific49(291) (अक्टूबर 1937), pp.249–253. (यह वही घोषणा है जिसे शीघ्र ही Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau नाम दिया गया।)
Eckert, W.J., Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation, The Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, Columbia University, Lancaster Press (जनवरी 1940). “The Orange Book.” (1984 में CBI/MIT/Tomash द्वारा पुनर्मुद्रित; 1952 की सूची में “नया संस्करण तैयार हो रहा है” उल्लेख था, 1954 में हट गया।)
Eckert, W.J., “A Punched-Card Catalogue of Data for the Stars in the Boss General Catalogue”, PASP 52(310) (दिसंबर 1940), pp.376–378.
Eckert, Wallace J., Transcript, Systems Service Class No. 591 (Aerial Navigation), US Army Air Corps; IBM Dept. of Education, Endicott, NY (8 सितम्बर 1944).
W.J.E. (Wallace J. Eckert), “Mathematical Tables on Punched Cards”, MTAC 1(12) (अक्टूबर 1945), pp.433–436. (MTAC 1943 में स्थापित—1954 तक कम्प्यूटिंग पर एकमात्र पत्रिका; Eckert को कार्यकारी समिति की अध्यक्षता का निमंत्रण मिला पर युद्धकालीन दायित्वों के कारण अस्वीकार किया; फिर भी स्थापना/उत्पादन में सक्रिय रहे [88].)
Eckert, W.J., “Facilities of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory”, Proceedings of the Research Forum, IBM, Endicott, NY (अगस्त 1946), pp.75–84.
Baxandall, D., and W.J. Eckert, “Calculating Machines”, Encyclopædia Britannica, 14वाँ संस्करण, Vol.4 (1947), pp.548–554.
Eckert, W.J., “Punched Card Techniques and Application to Scientific Problems”, Journal of Chemical Education 24(2) (फरवरी 1947), pp.54–57, 74.
W.J.E. और Ralph F. Haupt, “The Printing of Mathematical Tables”, MTAC 2(17) (जनवरी 1947), pp.197–202.
Eckert, W.J., “The IBM Department of Pure Science and the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory”, Education Research Forum Proceedings, IBM, Endicott, NY (अगस्त 1947).
Eckert, W.J., “Electronic and Electromagnetic Measuring, Computing and Recording Devices”, Harvard Observatory Monographs No.7 (1948), pp.169–178.
W.J.E., “The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator”, MTAC 3(23) (जुलाई 1948), pp.149–161.
Eckert, W.J., “Electrons and Computation”, The Scientific Monthly 67(5) (नवंबर 1948), pp.315–323.
Eckert, W.J. (“W.J.Et”) and D.B., “Calculating Machines”, Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol.4: Brain to Casting, University of Chicago (1949), pp.548–554.
Eckert, W.J., “The Role of the Punched Card in Scientific Computation”, Proc. Industrial Computation Seminar, IBM, New York (सितंबर 1950), pp.13–17.
Eckert, W.J., “The Significance of the New Computer NORC”, Computers and Automation 4(2) (फरवरी 1955), pp.10–13.
Eckert, Wallace J., and Rebecca Jones, Faster, Faster…, McGraw-Hill, New York (1955). अंतिम अध्याय “What is There to Calculate” L.H. Thomas द्वारा [90].
— Schneller, Schneller, International Büro-Maschinen GmbH (1956) (जर्मन संस्करण).
Eckert, W.J., “Computing in Astronomy”, in Hammer, Preston C. (ed.), The Computing Laboratory in the University, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison (1957).
Eckert, Wallace J., “Calculating Machines”, The Encyclopedia Americana (1958).
IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University, Collected Papers, 10 खंड, प्रत्येक वर्ष 1960–69 के लिए (विवरण अनिश्चित)।
Eckert, Wallace J., “Early Computers”, IBM Research News (मई 1963), pp.7–8.
Eckert, W.J., “The Use of Electronic Computers for Analytical Developments in Celestial Mechanics…”, Astronomical Journal 73(3) (अप्रैल 1968), p.195. (IAU Commission 7 कोलॉक्वियम—प्राग, 28–29 अगस्त 1967—की अध्यक्षता।)

Astronomy Publications:
Eckert, W.J., “The New Observatory at Columbia University”, Popular Astronomy 36 (1928), p.333.
Eckert, Wallace John, The General Orbit of Hector, Yale Ph.D. Thesis (1931).
Eckert, W.J., “The Asteroids”, Natural History 31, pp.23–30.
Eckert, Wallace J., “Harold Jacoby, 1865–1932”, Popular Astronomy 40 (1932), p.611.
Eckert, Wallace J., Home Study Course in General Astronomy, Columbia University Press, NY (1933).
Eckert, W.J., and Dirk Brouwer, “The Use of Rectangular Coordinates in the Differential Correction of Orbits”, AJ 46(13) (16 अगस्त 1937). (USSR Academy Bulletin No.53, 1945 में भी।)
Eckert, W.J., “Ernest William Brown (1866–1938)”, Popular Astronomy 47(2) (फरवरी 1939).
Eckert, W.J., “The Occultation Data in the American Ephemeris”, AJ 50 (दिसंबर 1941), pp.95–96.
United States Navy Nautical Almanac Office, The American Air Almanac, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC (जन.–अप्रैल 1942), 240 पृष्ठ। (1940–46 की अन्य सभी कड़ियाँ भी।)
Eckert, W.J., “The Construction of the Air Almanac”, 68वीं AAS बैठक, New Haven, CT, 12–14 जून 1942 (प्रकाशन अज्ञात).
Eckert, W.J., “Air Almanacs”, Sky and Telescope 4(37) (अक्टूबर 1944).
USN Nautical Almanac Office, “Tables of Sunrise, Sunset and Twilight”, Supplement to the American Ephemeris, 1946, US GPO, Washington (1945), 196 पृष्ठ.
Ephemerides of 783 Minor Planets for the year 1947, Eckert, W.J., निदेशक, Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory (1946). [CLICK HERE …]
Eckert, Wallace John; Dirk Brouwer; G.M. Clemence, “Coordinates of the Five Outer Planets, 1653–2060”, Astronomical Papers of the American Ephemeris, US GPO (1951), 327 पृष्ठ. (गणनाएँ SSEC पर; Watson Lab के Aberdeen Relay Calculators पर जाँची गईं।)
Eckert, W.J., The History of the Astronomy Department at Columbia University, 1948–1953 के बीच लिखा अप्रकाशित पांडुलिपि (प्रकाशन अज्ञात).
Eckert, W.J., “Numerical Theory of the Five Outer Planets”, AJ 56 (अप्रैल 1951), p.38.
Eckert, Wallace J., and Rebecca Jones, “Problems in Astronomy: Automatic Measurement of Photographic Star Positions”, AJ 59(2) (मार्च 1954).
Improved Lunar Ephemeris 1952–1959 (ILE), US Naval Observatory, US GPO (1954). (यही कार्य अपोलो मिशनों का मार्गदर्शन करता रहा। इस खंड में: Eckert, R. Jones, H.K. Clark, “Construction of the Lunar Ephemeris”, pp.283–363.)
Eckert, W.J., “Improvement by Numerical Methods of Brown’s Expressions for the Coordinates of the Moon”, AJ 63(10) (नवंबर 1958). (IBM 650, Watson Lab, Columbia पर त्रि-देही समस्या का समाधान.)
Eckert, W.J., “Numerical Determination of Precise Orbits”, Orbit Theory, Proc. Ninth Symposium in Applied Mathematics, AMS (1959).
Eckert, W.J., and Harry F. Smith, “Results to Date in the Numerical Development of Harmonic Series for the Coordinates of the Moon”, IAU Transactions 11B (1961), pp.447–449.
Eckert, W.J., and Rebecca Jones, “Measuring Engines”, in Hiltner, W.A., Astronomical Techniques, Vol II: Stars and Stellar Systems, University of Chicago Press (1962).
Eckert, W.J., “The Solution of the Main Problem of the Lunar Theory”, IAU Transactions XIIB (1964), p.113.
Eckert, W.J., “On the Motions of the Perigee and Node and the Distribution of Mass in the Moon”, AJ 70(10) (दिसंबर 1965), pp.787–792.
Eckert, W.J.; M.J. Walker; D. Eckert, “Transformations of the Lunar Coordinates and Orbital Parameters”, AJ 71(5) (जून 1966).
Eckert, W.J., and Harry F. Smith, Jr., “The solution of the main problem of the lunar theory by the method of Airy”, Astronomical Papers… Vol. XIX, Part II, US Naval Observatory, US GPO (1966), pp.187–407. (अंतिम चंद्र कक्षा गणनाएँ; Smith द्वारा IBM 7094 पर प्रोग्रामित.)
Eckert, W.J., and H.F. Smith, Jr., “The Equations of Variation in a Numerical Lunar Theory”, The Theory of Orbits in the Solar System and in Stellar Systems (IAU Symposium 25, 1964), Academic Press (1966), pp.242–260.
Eckert, W.J., “The Moment of Inertia of the Moon Determined from its Orbital Motion”, in Runcorn, S.K., Mantles of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets, Interscience Publishers (1967).
Eckert, W.J., “The Motions of the Moon”, IBM Research Publication RW 87 (22 अगस्त 1967). (एकर्ट के जीवन-कार्य की अपेक्षाकृत गैर-तकनीकी व्याख्या.)
Eckert, W.J., and Dorothy A. Eckert, “The Literal Solution of the Main Problem of the Lunar Theory”, AJ 72(10) (दिसंबर 1967), pp.1299–1308. (साथ ही “Abstracts, Conference on Celestial Mechanics”, मॉस्को, 1967। IBM 1620 पर 18-अंकीय सटीकता।)
Eckert, W.J.; T.C. Van Flandern; G.A. Wilkins, “A Note on the Evaluation of the Latitude of the Moon”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 146 (1969), pp.473–478.

Other…
Williams, S.R., and W.J. Eckert, “Convenient Forms of Magnetometers”, Journal of the Optical Society of America(J.O.S.A. & R.S.I.) 16(3) (मार्च 1928), pp.203–207.